- For concentrated or point load, SFD is rectangular (uniform) and BMD is triangular (linear).
- For uniformly distributed load, SFD is triangular and BMD is parabolic.
- For uniformly varying load, SFD will be parabolic and BMD will be cubic.
- If the algebraic sum of moments on the beam is zero and no other forces are acting then reactions are zero and SFD is a straight line.
- If there is a vertical ordinate or sudden jump in a BMD, it indicates concentrated moment at that point whose magnitude is equals to length of the ordinate.
- At fixed end, bending moment is always zero, until an concentrated moment not there.
In geodetic surveying, error due to curvature and refraction is taken into action when the area is greater than 256 km² Correction due to curvature (Cc) Error due to curvature is taken into action because during leveling with theodolite or Autolevel the horizontal line and level line do not coincide. Level line is curved line parallel to the earth surface and horizontal line is straight line. this correction is given by Cc =0.07849 d² OR 0.0785d² here, d is the linear distance (in km) Correction due to refraction (Cr) Error due to refraction is taken into action due to the changing of medium of light either from a denser medium to lightier medium or viceversa. it is 1/7 of correction due to curvature 1/7x(0.785 d²) it is equals to 0.112d²
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